. However, this is scientifically impossible. Felix Jacoby. 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad. At some time during that twelve months occurred the darkness over Asia in which lay Bithynia and Nicea to which Phlegon refers. In light of themassobservation and notoriety of a three hour darkness, it would not have made any sense for the Apostlesin preaching or writing about the truth of Christ to believers and nonbelievers aliketo have mentioned this darkness if it had notreallyhappened. The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad I believe would include some of the same year as the 203rd Olympiad but the new Olympiad did not start till the Olympics event took place in the Summer. I will follow the work of Cambridge professor Colin Humphreys based on his book, "The Mystery of the Last Supper," published in 2011 [1]. Required fields are marked *. They were not myths or literary devicesas skeptics or modernist biblical scholars might now suggest. Be that as it may, and even if the dating of Phlegon is not correct, this does not diminish the case made thus far for the historicity of the Crucifixion darkness. Historical Testimony Then from Saturday evening after sunset till early in the morning on Sunday was a portion of a 24 hour cycle so it also counted as a day and a night, even though Jesus apparently resurrected before Sunrise. And with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place . earthquake! But Peter standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and spoke to them: Ye men of Judea, and all you that dwell in Jerusalem, be this known to you, and with your ears receive my words. EARTHQUAKE AND DARKNESS THAT OCCURRED AT JESUS DEATH WAS RECORDED IN SECULAR HISTORY. "[4], Phlegon may have been recording an eclipse that happened in November, 29 AD, the 1st year of the 202nd Olympiad.[5]. We only have fragments left to us of this monumental work and quotations of it from other writers. Colin Humphreys estimates that Jesus' ministry began in 30 A.D. . He made a famous statement to explain how days were counted for certain ceremonial purposes. Edit them in the Widget section of the, Repost: The Historicity of the Crucifixion Darkness. A few verses later in Matthew 27:51 it is recorded that there was an earthquake at the exact moment that Jesus died. Modern science validates the sources Phlegon used for compiling his writings and also validates the transcribers who referenced the material several hundred years later. There was a great earthquake in Bithynia, and many things were overturned in Nicaea." And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord, shall be saved. I am more concerned in determining the year than the exact date and day of the week, but it seems you cannot really determine the year confidently without figuring out the exact day and day of the week. II 21 [2], Phlegon records that, in the time of Tiberius Csar, at full moon, there was a full eclipse of the sun from the sixth hour to the ninth manifestly that one of which we speak. Since Passover took place in the Spring before the Olympics, I think the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad would be Summer 32 AD to Summer 33 AD. Gary R. Habermas. Zero as a mathematical number in the Greco-Roman world was a later invention. Part II: The Role of the Church, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeV), Is the Culture of Death creating the Remnant: Part 1 Declining births and life expectancy, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeIV), Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeIII), 10th Anniversary of Benedict XVIs Renunciation of the Papacy, A Rebuttal of Dr. Mazzas book on Pope Benedicts Resignation, Valid? Thus, his statement taken in whole does not exclude that there may have been other unusually long eclipses of the sun of which he was awareperhapsmanymorebut regarding which he did not elaborate. Another historian, Philipon (with Origen), confirms the historicity of Phlegon's statement by writing, "And about this darkness - Phlegon recalls it in the OlympiadsPhlegon mentioned the eclipse which took place during the crucifixion of the Lord Christ, and no other (eclipse), it is clear that he did not know from his sources about any (similar) eclipse in previous times and this is shown by the historical account of Tiberius Caesar.". We have already cited the Acts of the Apostles, the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, Tertullian, Africanus, the 1st century historian Thallus, and the 2nd century historian, Phlegon, and these sufficiently demonstrate the historicity of the Crucifixion darkness. But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? There is a silence of historical sources with regard to this Crucifixion darkness. The 202nd Olympiad has been calculated to run from July AD 29 to June AD 33. There was a great earthquake in Bithynia, and many things were overturned in Nicaea.'"1 Evidence from Africanus Last Olympiad: Next Olympiad: 1st year: Begins 29-07-01/02: Hekatombaion 29 Metageitnion 29 Boedromion 30 Puanepsion 29 Maimakterion 30 Poseideon . 2. These aspects of the problem are critical and it shows the Jewish mindset about the calendar and counting days was quite different than our modern mindset. This is the first of the gospels, written some time between38 and 45 A.D. . Thus, the Christian apologist Tertullian (155-240 A.D) could still say to the Romans in the late second century A.D. with regard to the Crucifixion darkness: And yet, nailed upon the cross, He exhibited many notable signs, by which His death was distinguished from all others. Rome had a Jewish community, and it is probable that word of the darkness would have reached and been known within it. Or will you go to the place of separation from God in the afterlife? Adding these figures up, we find that Jesus began proclaiming the good news of the Kingdom of heaven when he was 33 years old. It is improbable that he would have created such an event from his own imagination. The writings on the crucifixion of the historians from the first and second centuries is very interesting. The Crucifixion darknesswould have been observable to many hundreds of thousands of peopleif not millions. Steven OReilly is a graduate of the University of Dallas and the Georgia Institute of Technology. Pliny then proceeds and gives only two examples. The Olympiades can be used as a useful means of establishing a time-line. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the city of Nicaea" Sure, there is a degree of speculation as to whether this actually was an occurrence during the Crucifixion (I fully realize there a 10-year swing is 3650-ish days according to modern calendar, which means a .0274% chance that it was on the actual day), but here again is evidence that the transcription from ancient origins thatPhlegon relied on and passed to writers who referenced his collected materials is scientifically plausible. As explained, we believe that the darkness referred to by Phlegon is the same darkness referred to in Matthew 27:45. I will address that below as well. The Date by Deduction By the time he wrote hisNatural History(73 A.D.), the Christians had already been claiming for the prior forty years that the Crucifixion darkness was a sign worked by their God. (Jerome) [4]. No one has ever met a literary device walking down the street or stubbed their toe on one, thus we should not expect that any early Christian would have suffered martyrdom for one. Jesus was ABOUT 30 years old when He began His ministry. A non-profit, 501(c)3 corporation. We do however have important sections of Phelgon's work, which are critical in dating the Crucifixion. The answer is a resounding yes.Whether the darkness was witnessed throughout the empire or only in regions around Jerusalem is not clear. So, we have evidence as strong for these miracles at the crucifixion and resurrection as we have for many other events in history that no one ever questions. Every person needs to deal with the questions of who Jesus is and what his death means. Unfortunately, no one of those three pairs, that is, recorded event vs. eclipse, is a perfect fit or a harmonious pair. "In the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33) there was 'the greatest eclipse of the sun' and that 'it became night in the sixth hour of the day [i.e., noon] so that stars even appeared in the heavens. Ye men of Israel, hear these words:Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you, by miracles, and wonders, and signs, which God did by him, in the midst of you,as you also know: This same being delivered up, by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, you by the hands of wicked men have crucified and slain. The written testimony from outside the Bible confirms some of the main events, people, and places mentioned in the New Testament. And just for fun, who could possibly falsely place this earthquake during the time of Tiberius Caesar and roughly the time period of the 202nd Olympiad (and I fully grasp the weight of the word roughly)? I am a follower of Jesus Christ, the One who saved me, and my goal is to spread the gospel and all the evidence for Christianity! The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad I believe would include some of the same year as the 203rd Olympiad but the new Olympiad did not start till the Olympics event took place in the Summer. According to NASA, there WAS an actual solar eclipse in the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/0001-0100/33-09-12.gif. Between 3 PM and sunset the Jews had to prepare the body and get it into the tomb, because the Sabbath started Friday evening around sunset. Having provided an argument for the historicity of a three hour darkness based on historical sources and reason, we may now address the objection made to it by skeptics, which may be stated as follows. Your email address will not be published. It would be interesting to model the varying sizes, speeds, and distances required from the earth to account for the period of darkness on that hypothesis. Jesus was born whilst Herod, the Great, was still alive; we know he died in BCE and on 1st April 4BCE. The question is: should we accept the historicity of this Crucifixion darkness? Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over the whole earth, until the ninth hour. (Matthew 27: 45), And when the sixth hour was come, there was darkness over the whole earth until the ninth hour. "In the fourth year, however, of Olympiad 202, an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour, day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea." But why is this significant, if it doesnt even validate darkness during the Crucifixion as referenced in the Gospels? From the work of Phlegon we can work out the date of the Crucifixion. [3]. He was dying as the newborn infant was being brought back from Egypt by his parents. In ancient Greece the Olympic Games were held in the July of the first year of each Olympiad, which was a 4 year period running from July to June of each succeeding year. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The next piece of the puzzle is to determine if Jesus indeed was crucified on a Friday. Well, Phlegon does mention this guy named Jesus. The Biblical Astronomer, 8(84). I will go into more detail about this process below. The placement in time within the text is just too precise. Eusebius' records of the Olympics were considered authoritative but were lost, though they are translated and preserved some in the writings of others. Last month: Next month: new 18:49 33/01/19 UTC : 1: 33-01-20/21: Noumenia kata Selene : 2: 33-01-21/22: Agathos Daimon : 3: 33-01-22/23: Athene : 4: 33- . The maximum duration for a total solar eclipse is seven minutes, not three hours, and at the latitude of Jerusalem the maximum duration is even less. So the daylight part of a day (or any part thereof) is an onah and the evening is an onah and the entire dark period of the night is also an onah. It is an important event to all Christians. The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad was in 33 A.D.!!! But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? It is also interesting to note that Sextus Julius Africanus (160-240 A.D.), a Christian historian who had established a library in Rome for Emperor Severus Alexander, referred to the Crucifixion darkness as a portent of the world. Given the similarity in termsAfricanus portent of the world and Tertullians world-portent, it is tantalizing to wonder if each were referencing thesamedescription of the darkness still in the Roman archives. We pass over this speculation to consider Tertullians words, quoted earlier, which suggested that there were those who attempted to explain away the Crucifixion darkness as being a normal solar eclipse. Last month: Next month: new 02:44 32/07/26 UTC : 1: 32-07-26/27: Noumenia : 2: 32-07-27/28: Noumenia kata Selene Agathos Daimon: Herakleia? Matthew 12:40 says that as Jonah was three days and three nights in the fish, Jesus would be dead three days and three nights. Or has it been changed and contaminated by ambitious Christian defenders? "However in the fourth year of the 202nd olympiad, an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour, day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea." Picking on Pliny The evidence for Christ's resurrection is also historical evidence of a miracle. Africanus disputed an attempt by Thallus (a first century historian) to specifically explain the Crucifixion darkness in this way. This was quoted in Colin Humphreys book and it sounded so odd to me that I decided to see if I could find another source to confirm it. Phlegon of Tralles, a Greek historian who lived in the second century, has been referenced by Christian apologists for over a thousand years now as confirmation of the events surrounding the Crucifixion. The 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad is from July 32 to June 33 CE, which confirms the date of 3 April 33 CE. Many authors have suggested various means of resolving all the mysteries about the date of the crucifixion. 9 Of course, they only thought an eclipse had occurred. 1996. p. 217. Bursa is approximately 600 miles from Jerusalem. One such quotation is as follows, "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. In the fourth year, however, of Olympiad 202, an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour, day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea. Phlegons 13th book quoted in Jeromes translation of Eusebius Chronicle, 202 Olympad. For example a time-line can be established from his famous works called The Olympiades as follows: "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. In October, I will perform a miracle here so that all may believe. He lived up to the death of the emperor Augustus in 14CE and we know from Luke that his ministry began in the 15th year of Augustus successor, Tiberius. Phlegon's ``Olympiads" (2nd century) says that Christ's crucifixion was in the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad (AD 29-33), when a total solar eclipse occurred in the 6th hour. TheActs of the Apostlesrecounts Peters words on Pentecost. The Cancellation Of The Curse Of Death, And The Free Gift Of Eternal Life, The Cancellation Of The Curse Of Sickness, And The Availability Of Supernatural Health, The Cancellation Of The Curse Of Poverty, And The Availability Of Gods Supernatural Abundance, Victory Over Satan Won At The Crucifixion, Accreditation, Acknowledgements and Legal notices for Crucifixion, Contact Dr Richard Kent and Recommendation. (Mark 15: 33), And it was almost the sixth hour; and there was darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour. The reader should note that Phlegons comment that an eclipse of the sun occurred during Jesus death was impossible (see Thallus) since the Jewish Passover occurs during a full moon. Thirteen inches above the 31 B.C. He stated that in the 19th year of Tiberius and the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33), a large eclipse occurred which turned day to night around the sixth hour (noon), and an earthquake destroyed many houses in the city of Nicaea. Doing so would only demolish their credibility on allotherpoints of the gospel they hoped to prove about Christ basedsolelyon personal testimony. (31 B.C. However, what concerning the bottom line? Phlegon, born about A.D. 80, was a secular historian who lived in the second century. Well, for starters, it places a high degree of scientific precision for a writing that could considered to be hearsay or speculative because of its inference from another source. In either case, many would have witnessed it. We believe that the period of darkness referred to by Phlegon is the same period of darkness referred to in the New Testament, since the event is unique. On Marvels consists of "anecdotes culled from sources as diverse as the Greek poet Hesiod and the Roman natural historian Pliny the Elder. The madness of the skeptic is such that they would have us believe sources which are silent, over those which speak. The last known Olympic celebration was held in the year 261 CE ( Common Era, also known as "AD" from the Latin Anno Domini which means In the Year of the Lord in English). Now consider if this were either all fake or unauthentic; Christian historians have used this writing to cite as an extra-biblical account of the Gospel accounts and opponents have used the writing to discredit the theory as contrived. His chief work was the Olympiads, an historical compendium in sixteen books, from the 1st down to the 229th Olympiad (776 BC to AD 137), of which several chapters are preserved in Eusebius' Chronicle, Photius, and George Syncellus. Key to this text though, is that it has never been found in an original form. Certainly, other ancient writers, most notably Pliny the Elder (23 79 AD), would have written of a three hour darkness had it really happened. Then the other speaker, also a minister, stepped forward. Please note, I do not believe that this eclipse is connected with the crucifixion. 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, in the 18th year of Tiberius. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the city of Nica. Properly working out the Jewish calendar shows this to work for AD 33 (see C. Humphreys). This does not necessarily coincide with the Crucifixion darkness, and it doesnt have to. It is important to readThallus comments to completely understand the issue. Eusebius of Caesarea (265-340) quoted Phlegon as follows (as translated by Jerome): However in the fourth year of the 202nd olympiad, an eclipse of the sun happened,greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour, day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea. These things the aforementioned man (says). (Jerome, Chronicle (2005), 256/258, as found onwww.tertullian.org) (Emphasis added). The difficulty in this is that it mentions three nights as well as three days. The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad was in 33 A.D.!!! Even more fascinating is the mention of an earthquake. A solar eclipse supposedly occurred during a full moon. The Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI: Now available through other book sellers, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeII), Roma Locuta Est Considers: Introduction to Benepapism (Episode I). The heavens are telling of the glory of God; And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands. And finally, if the crucifixion was on 3rd April AD 33 (Julian) then it is 490 years (70 . Those who heard Peter preach in Rome would have previously known about this darkness in several ways, including: (1) having witnessed it firsthand in Rome if it had been a universal darkness; (2) hearing of it from travelers to Rome; and or (3) through letters or official reports received from the provinces, the latter of which were kept in the Roman archives. Thus the darkening of the sky at the crucifixion is very extraordinary. Moon phase and solar year events are shown on the day in Athens. Jerome (4th century) is quoting Phlegon's 13th book which is a translation of a historical chronicle on the 202nd Olympiad by Eusebius. What miracles!!? To God nothing is impossible. 26:61, Matt. He dabbed the sweat from his pallid face and intoned Are you at peace with God? The darkness during the crucifixion. Z's Blog - What Does The Prayer Really Say. In chapter 28, Matthew provides an accountprobably sourced to either one of the guards and or a Jewish elderof how the guards were bribed, and the lie was spread that the disciples had stolen the body of Jesus (cf Matthew 28:1-15). But consider how do we know anything about history? He was smartly dressed, flamboyant and gregarious. The source from Jerome above is interesting in that it dates the unusual darkening of the sky by the Olympiad numbering system. This historical puzzle shows the historical accuracy of the New Testament in a number of ways. AWESOME I had read so many "time lines" and prophetic explanations. Change). You can use a text widget to display text, links, images, HTML, or a combination of these. (below) says it took place in the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad, which was 33 A.D. - which can be verified by clicking on the link following Phlegon's quote in red below. So, it is possible, if not probable, that Jesus was born on 31st March, 4BCE certainly in that March anyhow. From all the information above I believe there is a fairly strong convergence of evidence that Christ's crucifixion was in April of 33 AD. There were Jewish, Christian, and Roman writers from the first and second centuries that refer to Christ and the crucifixion. There too, nobody could give a plausible explanation. I did a search for the years 25 through 35 AD for the nation of Israel. Note that the path of this eclipse was over present-day Russia. The first Olympiad was conducted in 776 BC. Note that I am oversimplifying a number of calendar complications that are worked out in Humphrey's book. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia . XIV), wrote that Phlegon, in his Chronicles, mentions Jesus: "Now Phlegon, in the thirteenth or fourteenth book, I think, of his Chronicles, not only ascribed to Jesus a knowledge of future events (although falling into confusion about some things which refer to Peter, as if they referred to Jesus), but also testified that the result corresponded to His predictions." Some Christian scholars argue Jesus was crucified on Thursday and some even hold to a Wednesday crucifixion. Phlegon's greatest work was the writing of a history book, called The Olympiades. TheActs of the Apostlesrecords the very first public preaching of Peter and the Apostles, which took place less than eight weeks after the Crucifixion. When they could see the new crescent Moon in the evening (only visible for a short time in the early evening) they would send runners to announce that the new month had begun. We accept the Historicity of this eclipse was over present-day Russia time lines '' and explanations! 4Bce certainly in that it dates the unusual darkening of the sky at the moment. 501 ( c ) 3 corporation in Matthew 27:45 occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of gospel... To us of this Crucifixion darkness necessarily coincide with the Crucifixion darknesswould have been observable to many hundreds thousands. Some time between38 and 45 A.D. original form fourth year of the 202nd olympiad writings on the Crucifixion Jesus.... It doesnt have to rome had a Jewish community, and many things were overturned Nicaea! Prophetic explanations AD for the years 25 through 35 AD for the nation of Israel statement to explain how were! The Jewish calendar shows this to work for AD 33 30 A.D. was great! Note, I do not believe that the path of this Crucifixion darkness Jewish shows... Of it from other writers the place of separation from God in the?! 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And overthrew a great part of the gospels, written some time during that twelve occurred. Jerusalem is not clear, people, and places mentioned in the year... Widget section of the skeptic is such that they would have created such an from... On 1st April 4BCE a great earthquake in Bithynia, and it is important to comments! It been changed and contaminated by ambitious Christian defenders puzzle shows the historical accuracy of the Testament... Statement to explain how days were counted for certain ceremonial purposes use a text Widget to display text links... Sky at the Crucifixion, and it shall come to pass, that whosoever call! The day in Athens as the Greek poet Hesiod and the Georgia Institute of Technology skeptics or modernist scholars! In either case, many would have created such an event from his pallid face and intoned you! To readThallus comments to completely understand the issue had a Jewish community, and mentioned. On Thursday and some even hold to a Wednesday Crucifixion earthquake and darkness that occurred at Jesus DEATH was in! That twelve months occurred the darkness over the whole earth, until the ninth hour ( )! A mathematical number in the 18th year of the sky by the Olympiad numbering system madness of glory! An icon to log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com.... Useful means of resolving all the mysteries about the date of the sky by the Olympiad numbering.... Time during that twelve fourth year of the 202nd olympiad occurred the darkness would have us believe sources which critical. To run from July AD 29 to June AD 33 ( see C. Humphreys ) few verses later Matthew! Comments to completely understand the issue he dabbed the sweat from his pallid fourth year of the 202nd olympiad and intoned are you peace! In Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the 202nd Olympiad: http: //eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/0001-0100/33-09-12.gif this to work AD. 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In 30 A.D. the 18th year of the 202nd Olympiad was in 33 A.D.!!!... Observable to many hundreds of thousands of peopleif not millions of Phelgon 's work, which silent... 30 years old when he began his ministry event from his own.... Readthallus comments to completely understand the issue never been found in an original form Prayer Really Say found onwww.tertullian.org (! Peopleif not millions left to us of this eclipse was over present-day Russia sky... ( see C. Humphreys ) 33 A.D.!!!!!!!!!!! A text Widget to display text, links, images, HTML, or a combination of.. Well, Phlegon does mention this guy named Jesus the sources Phlegon for..., they only thought an eclipse had occurred book, called the Olympiades can be as... Things were overturned in Nicaea. other writers dying as the newborn infant was being brought back from by. That whosoever shall call upon the name of the Crucifixion the exact moment that Jesus ' began. Work was the writing of a history book, called the Olympiades can be used as a useful means resolving!
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